Free Will vs. Determination (East of Eden)

Freewill vs. Determinism Good vs. Evil What makes a decision evil is when it is made completely with regard to others. What makes a decision good is when the person who made it can look back and feel like what he choose was wholly right. It is completely up to a person whether or not they take others into consideration or even decide to look back long enough to care, just like it is up to that person to choose where they go in life. Whether it’s up the â€Å"good path† or down the â€Å"evil path†Ã‚  isn’t predetermined by god, your bloodlines, or anything else.Kate chooses her life and decided not to care what others thought or felt and just did what she pleased. Caleb at first was convinced that he did bad thing because of what his mother was, that he would be evil because of her. Sam Hamilton was thought of being bad or evil when he came to Salinas due to the fact that he was Irish and he proved to be one of the kindest characters in the book. Sam would most likely be considered good by anyone who became acquainted with him. Even though he didn't do things they same way as those around him, he did what he looked back on as being right or good in his mind.He made choices and didn’t let his circumstances rule his life. Even though he was poor and lived on infertile land he worked and tried to change things. He tried to make them the best that he could. When at that time most people believed that the Irish were belligerent drunks that were only good at stealing American jobs and wives. Sam Hamilton changed their views, as Louis told Adam when he brought him up to meet Sam, â€Å"he’s a fine worker, and a good blacksmith. † Not only was he a fine worker when it came to inventing things and blacksmithing but he worked at helping others.As Adam â€Å"drew into himself†Ã‚  Sam tried his hardest to help him, â€Å"go through the motions,† and finally he ended up having to punch him and insult him to get the man out of his stupor. This violence, which was against his character, should how much he cared for others and Adam. Now if he follows the stereotype set for him he wouldn't have been the great person that we had read about in the book, he had the free will to make himself what he was. Now Kate would have to be the nearly the exact opposite of Sam. She is one of the best characters to illustrate the concept of good and vil. For most of here life Cathy did things that were evil because she thought that, â€Å"in the whole world there's only evil and folly,† so she had no problems embracing it. But just because she did embrace it and did so many bad things doesn't mean she was purely evil. She did towards the end of the book care about what someone thought about her, â€Å"she knew that she didn't want Aron to know. † And in that little time where he dreamed of Aron meeting her as a respectable lady in New York shows that at least one person’s opinion mattered to her.Kate just wasn't extremely pressured by what was expected of her in her circumstances. She in fact thought it better to defy others expectation, like when her parents wanted her to be a teacher, or when Adam tried to make her into the perfect wife. There were many times where she could have settled into a comfortable spot that others determined she fit into but she liked using her free will and choosing where she was going to go. Caleb is something slightly different than his mother, which I'm sure he and everyone else who read the book was happy to find out.He wanted to be able to look back on his actions and not be ashamed of what he had done. He hated doing the evil things so much when he was young that he prayed for the lord to help him â€Å"not be mean. † If determinism was solely true than he probably would have ended up being just as wicked as Kate, like Adam had worried when Cal was a baby. Lee helped a lot in keeping Caleb from following his worst expectatio ns and seeing that he did have a choice in the matter. That just because he had his mothers blood in him didn't mean he was filled with evil, as Lee said, â€Å"Whatever you do, it will be you who do it—not your mother. And I think that is exactly right. Kate wouldn't have felt the guilt like Cal did when his brother had died, nor would she have asked Adam for forgiveness. Nothing Caleb did was because of who his mom was. As Steinbeck says, there is only one story in the world; I have to say that I see his point. While good and evil are still a little abstract to from my point of view, it does seem that every story we hear has to do with it. It deals with the characters struggle to determine which side is evil and which side is good and than choosing between the two.With Cathy it seems she could only see the evil and therefore the choice was an easy one for her because she saw no other. Cal was luckier, or I guess some could say unluckier, because he could see both choices r ather clearly and in the end it seemed he was breaking away from the dark side. Now saying that I agree with Steinbeck’s point of view pretty much answers the question on what I think when it comes to free will versus determinism. To have to choice whether you lean towards a certain side you have to exert some version of your own free will either a little or a lot, either way you do.

Effective Communication in a Criminal Justice Settings Essay

In the criminal justice system, a police officer’s ability to communicate is one of the most important traits an officer can have. Police officers communicate with everyone from the public to peers, arrestees, victim and suspect families, and court personnel. A police officer must determine the most effective way to communicate, using several different methods, with everyone without offending or sounding weak. Public Announcements to the Press Police officers deal with the public on a constant basis. Many times, police officers will have to address the public in a professional, staged appearance. Public announcements can be in person, often live in front of news cameras, or a written statement the press uses to publish in the print media, website, or news broadcast. High-profile cases, riots, or inmate suicides are reasons a corrections officer may need to provide an announcement to the press. Upon making a public announcement, it is important for the corrections officer to speak directly to the audience and keep sentences short to avoid confusing the audience (Wallace & Roberson, p. 71, 2009). Usually, when giving a public address announcement, the press will follow up the message with questions of their own to clarify the remarks, or in an attempt to get additional information if the message is too vague. When a police officer speaks to the media publically, it is important for the officer to know his or her facts and be very keen on the topic (Wallace & Roberson, p. 79, 2009). If there was an officer involved shooting, the public and the media could care less to hear about the new patrol cars or k-9 unit. It is important to be punctual and understand the timeframe the speaker has to present his or her information to the media. The speaker should prepare him or herself by having notes or an outline to  follow, it is not a good idea to â€Å"wing it,† especially if the purpose for the public announcement is serious. A speaker’s appearance is important because the media and public could be critical and doubt the sincerity of the speech if the speaker fails to take the time necessary to look presentable. When a police officer provides a written announcement he or she needs to be as professional as possible. It is important to avoid the use of legal or technical jargon, slang, or words the audience may be unfamiliar with (Wallace & Roberson, p. 73, 2009). The print media may not have the time to contact the speaker and ask for clarification so it is important to use clear and concise language when providing written statements for the media. Testifying in court Effective communication in the courtroom is a necessary cog in the wheel of criminal justice. As a police officer, it is important to understand the importance of effective communication while presenting evidence or testifying in court. Defense attorneys will try to confuse try to make the officer second-guess his or her actions or the content of an incident report. An ill-prepared corrections officer may become impatient and exasperated if challenged by an aggressive defense attorney (Wallace & Roberson, p. 111, 2009). Police officers commonly make errors because of the lack of preparedness prior to taking the witness stand (Wallace & Roberson, p. 71, 2009). Police officers should meet with the attorney they are being summons by in order to read over their report and refresh their memory in preparation for the stand. If a police officer is set to testify during a trial, it behooves the officer to communicate with the prosecution to prepare for questions the Prosecution will ask, and potential questions the defense attorney will ask. When a police officer writes a report, it is essential to include important and necessary information. Police officers write various types of reports. However, the information contained in each type of report must be clear, concise, and honest. Future court cases may depend on information contained in an officer’s report as evidence in a criminal case (Miller & Whitehead, p. 4, 2011). Disciplinary review boards may rely on an officer’s incident report to determine if an officer operated outside his or her scope of duty. Prior to the court appearance, the police officer must analyze his or her report to enhance his or her preparedness for the trial. The court will not wait for the corrections officer to fumble through his or her notes. Preparedness will enhance the officer’s credibility with the jury; whereas, an unprepared and confused corrections officer may look incompetent to a jury, which may cause the jury to questions the validity of the events recorded in the report and the officer’s testimony. When a police officer testifies in court, it is not only essential but also the law to be honest in everything said. If the corrections officer does not know the answer, saying, â€Å"I do not know† is appropriate. If the police officer does not remember a specific event, it is appropriate to ask the judge to review notes or a copy of his or her report if he or she has one (Wallace & Roberson, p. 115, 2009). However, reading the report word-for-word or taking too long to locate the answer to a question may cause the jury to doubt the truthfulness and competence of the officer. The jury may think, â€Å"you were there, how could you not remember?† The officer must never assume the next question, but wait for the defense or prosecuting attorney to ask the questions and provide an honest answer in a clear and loud voice. Effective communication applies to the back and forth conversation the police officer has with both the prosecutor and defense attorney. It is important for the police officer to understand the questions the attorneys ask (Wallace & Roberson, p. 115, 2009). It is appropriate for an officer to ask for clarification if he or she fails to understand the wording of the questions (Wallace & Roberson, p. 115, 2009). A police officer must remember the court records his or her testimony in a written transcript, and sometimes by audio recording. The officer must master communicating orally when testifying in court because a stenographer cannot and will not type hand gestures, nods, shrugs, etc. (Wallace & Roberson, p. 115, 2009). It is important for the police officer to remember they are in a court of law, and he or she represents his or her agency. The police officer must show respect for the court, the judge, the prosecutor, and the defense  attorney. A jury may look poorly upon a rude, belligerent, and disrespectful officer. Disrespect for the court could result in administrative reprimand or contempt charges. Appellate courts use written trial transcript when they review a lower-court ruling. The appellate courts do not review or see new evidence; therefore, it is imperative for a corrections officer to do his or her part in practicing effective oral communication. A police officer appearance is also important when testifying in court. An officer’s appearance is the first thing a jury sees, and the jury will judge the officer on his or her appearance. An officer should have a clean, wrinkle free uniform shirt and trousers. The officer should have his or her shirt tucked in and shoes shined. A sloppy looking, unkept officer will look unfavorable on the jury, who may use that negative first impression when deciding the believability of the officer’s testimony. Communicating with Peers and the General Public Effective communication with peers in the general public is not only necessary but also life saving. Police officers tend to use their own â€Å"lingo,† or â€Å"cop-talk† to communicate with each other. Most non-law enforcement people are familiar with the term â€Å"Code 4,† which can mean, â€Å"Yes, okay, copy, etc.† Code 4 is one of a normal range of 13. Each number represents a message an officer uses instead of explaining word-for-word what they need. This abbreviated form of communication is known as â€Å"common code.† In police departments within the County of Boulder, Colorado departments use the common code. For instance, â€Å"code 4, code 5 with one† means an officer is okay with one person in handcuffs. Code 13 would mean â€Å"I need one additional officer as fast as possible.† Communicating with superior officers is also important. Higher-ranking officers in a police department supervise the officers. If there are ineffective rules or policies in place, it is the responsibility of the officer to follow the chain of command and provide feedback and possible suggestions on how to improve the ineffective policies. Police officers see the world differently from non-law enforcement citizens.  Police officers spend most of their day running from call to call. Experienced police officers have a different perspective on humanity; they often share and agree with those jaded views of society with fellow officers (Gilmartin, 2002). This can cause poor communication methods when speaking to the general public. It is easy to look at an arrestee and judge him or her as a â€Å"loser, a drug addict, or pervert.† Not all arrestee are guilty of their charges; everyone is presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. However, it is important for a police officer to put aside feelings of contempt and communicate with arrestees in a respectful and professional manner. Gilmartin (2002) stated, â€Å"Officers control 100% of their integrity and Professionalism. Everything else – policies, uniforms, required procedures, budget, assignments, organizational goals, and just about every other central aspect of the officer’s role, is controlled by someone else† (p. 80). Communicating with arrestees is different from communicating with people who are not under arrest or detained. Arrestees are under a great deal of stress because of their limited freedom and the unknown future that awaits them. Although difficult, it is important to remember the current situation of an arrestee when communicating with them, especially telling them they cannot do certain things. Many arrestee are not accustomed to somebody telling them â€Å"no.† Communicating with Peers and Juvenile Arrestees Communicating with peers in a juvenile arrestee situation is quite similar to communicating with peers in an adult situation. Clear and concise lateral communication is impotent between officers over radio transmission as well as face-to-face communication. A juvenile arrestee situation can be a dangerous setting even though the arrestees are usually under the age of 18. An officer must use careful consideration when dealing with juvenile offenders. Juvenile minds are not fully developed. Juvenile minds may also lack the comprehension to understand the seriousness of their actions. Most of the offenders do not think and act as adult offenders do; therefore, officers must try to communicate closer to their level. A police officer has to remember that a juvenile offender attains certain special rights when detained. The juvenile cannot be questioned without a lawyer or parent present. Many officers forget this note in many state laws and end up losing a case because admitted evidence is thrown out during trial. In conclusion,  police officers have a duty to themselves, their peers, arrestees, the courts, and the public to be effective communicators. Verbal and nonverbal communication skills are important to learn, and continue to improve upon. A police officer who learns to apply effective communication skills in his or her occupation will become a valuable asset within his or her department. The community will have more confidence in a department if they have confidence it the officers who represent it. Officers who communicate with different types of people will also gain the respect and trust of their peers and supervisors. References Gilmartin, K. (2002). Emotional Survival For Law Enforcement. Tucson, AZ: E-S Press. Miller, L., & Whitehead, J. (2011). Report writing for criminal justice professionals (4th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database Wallace, H., & Roberson, C. (2009). Written and interpersonal communication: Methods for law enforcement (4th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database

Cancer, Gender, and Environmental Justice Essay

As of today, cancer is one of the utmost feared diseases in the world. In the early 1990s, approximately 6 million new cancer incidents propagated and more than 4 million mortalities arose from cancers. Cancer is a disease that is killing individuals all around the world. More than one-fifth of all fatalities were triggered by cancer and its been predicted, by the American Cancer Society, that about 33% of Americans will ultimately acquire this disease. The expertise of cancer analysis is titled Oncology. Cancer is the furthermost aggressive disease of a greater class recognized as neoplasms. Neoplasms don’t quite conform to the portions of the cell that regulate the development and tasks of the cell. These cells ultimately become anomalous tumors and are acknowledged as non-typical tissue. These mannerisms are passed down as the cell replicates, thus spreading the cancer. The government has consumed billions of dollars on investigation for a cure of this deadly disease. â€Å"It is estimated that one out of every two men and one of every three women will have cancer in their lifetimes. About one in four persons will die of cancer. The American Cancer Society estimates that about 570,000 cancer deaths occur each year in the United States. Cancer is the second leading cause of death after heart disease† (Pat Quinn). The government spends huge amounts of money on cancer exploration. They’re constantly finding remedies and enhanced techniques to treat and deal with cancer. As of today, research has progressed for the better and has helped countless individuals fight cancers. Although there is so much effort put into cancer research, it is still a feared disease, but is now treatable which grants numerous people faith in recovery. Cancer and Gender Cancer affects male and females in different ways. â€Å"In the United States, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths for both sexes, followed by prostate cancer in males and breast cancer in females. It is estimated that one out of every two men and one of every three women will have cancer in their lifetimes† (Pat Quinn). â€Å"Another gender issue in cancer is adipose tissue (fat)† (Tarter). â€Å"Some of the most dangerous carcinogens those that are most persistent in the environment and the most persistent in our bodies- are stored in fatty tissues which affects women in a different ways than men† (Tarter). Also women are more prevalent in developing breast cancer, as men are more prevalent to developing colon cancer. â€Å"Between 1977 and 2006, the top five biggest disparities in age-adjusted cancer death rates were for the following types of cancer, according to the study; cancer of the lip: 5.51 men died for every one woman, cancer of the larynx: 5.37 men died for every one woman, cancer of the hypo pharynx: 4.47 men died for every one woman, cancer of the esophagus: 4.08 men died for every one woman, and cancer of the bladder: 3.36 men died for every one woman. All of those cancers are relatively rare. But men also die at much higher rates from the most common forms of cancers that affect both sexes† (Laura Blue). The American Cancer Society estimates that approximately 570,000 cancer related deaths occur annually in the United States. Cancer is the second leading cause of death after heart disease. Human Rights and Environmental Justice Environmental Justice is the field of study that explains the connection between environmental exploitation and human exploitation. â€Å"The term environmental justice emerged as a concept in the United States in the early 1980s. The term has two distinct uses. The first and more common usage describes a social movement in the United States whose focus is on the fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens. Second, it is an interdisciplinary body of social science literature that includes (but is not limited to) theories of the environment, theories of justice, environmental law and governance, environmental policy and planning, development, sustainability, and political ecology† (Wikipedia). â€Å"Federal and state right-to-know laws, established in the past decade, have made available disturbing information about the extent to which our environment has been polluted by known carcinogens (and many others which are probable, suspected, or untested)† (Tarter) . â€Å" Environmental justice writers and activists have consistently made links between environmental exploitation and human exploitation, attempting to reveal, criticize, and transform relationships between human social practices and environmental issues† (Tarter). Also another example to human rights and environmental justice is that the lower income class people tend to live in the urban areas where they are exposed to factories and carcinogens as opposed to the higher classes that live in the suburbs and aren’t exposed to any or very little of these toxins. Some people argue that environmental justice is also racial discrimination. Facing Living Downstream In this essay Tarter talks about how it is to live downstream. Living downstream means that whatever happened previously in your life can affect what happens later down the road. â€Å"There are individuals who claim, as a form of dismissal, that links between cancer and environmental contamination are unproven and improvable. There are others who believe that placing people in harm’s way is wrong whether the exact mechanism by which this harm is inflicted can be deciphered or not. At the very least, they argue, we are obliged to investigate, however imperfect our scientific tools; with the right to know comes the duty to inquire† (Tarter). â€Å"In contemporary American society there are many layers of silence wrapped around cancer, not only because the disease itself is frightening and we have trouble with issues of death and dying in our culture, but also because it is too frightening to contemplate the huge investment of money, power, and emotional capital in toxif ying the environment and ourselves in the way we do now† (Tarter). The environmental contaminations role of causing cancer is on the rise. Conclusion When a family is forced to deal with a relative who has been diagnosed with cancer life gets difficult. Cancer affects many people all around the world. Throughout this essay by Jim Tarter I learned that cancer affects others on many different level. Cancer affects through gender, environment, race, and poverty. At the beginning of the essay I read Tarter gives us an insight on his life and how it was to be a cancer patient. He uses many perspectives on this topic through Rachel Carson and Sandra Steingraber’s work. This essay opened my eyes and I learned through reading from other’s experiences.

Real-Time Systems Design, Robustness Challanges Research Paper

Real-Time Systems Design, Robustness Challanges - Research Paper Example The essence of this paper is to focus on the challenges faced by these designers and the important methodologies that need to be applied in order to overcome these challenges so as to ensure the robustness of these systems. Keywords: Real time system design, Robustness, Challenges Introduction Real Time System Design can be defined as a combination of protocols and procedures that are aimed at ensuring a system is made efficient to perform its intended task within the deadline prescribed. The efficiency of such a system is based on correct and timely outputs. [1] For a real time system to be considered robust, it should have the ability to handle errors in explicit conditions and also provide bounded responses including the risk severe consequences. This therefore makes the design of such a system to require maximum attention by designers since even a minor deviation can lead to a disaster during the usage of such systems. [3] Most embedded systems have strong real-time constraints, which it is compulsory to take into account in their design and modelling. Twenty year ago, timed automata [6] was introduced for the purpose of ensuring that their finite-state automata is extended with definite-valued clocks, which can be used to specify how much time may elapse between different events in the system. These requirement therefore leads lot of challenges faced by designers in regard to the robustness of these systems [2]. Our research is aimed at illustrating the different scheduling techniques applicable in this area of design so as to overcome the challenges posed by timely disorder. Our goal is that by the end of discussion in this paper, the various challenges that real time systems designers face in their design procedures and in different real time scenarios would have been discussed in their corresponding circumstances and subsequent solutions formulated. Literature Review It is not always easy to come up with robust real-time system design without major chal lenges. A lot of research has been carried out in this field in the quest to analyze the challenges faced by these designers and various solutions that will ensure robustness of the designs suggested. In [5], the authors illustrates the scheduling techniques applied in order to avoid the challenges caused by time constraints in the design. They bring out clearly the aspect of time acting in different real time scenarios to make a system change with respect to the corresponding circumstances. The authors state that the most challenges faced by real-time system designers are in regard to issues of synchronization and predictability. They also address real time tragic scenarios and case studies from the trusted sources that gives the big picture on the cause and the preventive measures. They also propose two methodologies aimed at achieving predictability; synchronization and parallelism as solutions to the challenges faced. Huang, Jinfeng, et al in [2] explains the large gap that exis ts between system design requirements and the achievements that have been the major challenges in systems design. They state that this is eminent in real-time system design since they require strict time schedules and critical safety requirements. The authors suggest that to ensure robustness, there should be an effective way of supporting predictability. The paper also discusses the role of semantics of design languages in supporting predic

Masters in Business Administration, Executive Program at Loyola Univer Essay

Masters in Business Administration, Executive Program at Loyola University - Essay Example I have had close to a decade of experiences in this area using my talents as an engineer and administrator and I have had to make decisions that have been crucial to realizing successful business transactions. By obtaining an MBA at Loyola University, will give me ample information gathered by national and international experts and it will give me the opportunity to make decisions based on others ´ experiences that have lead to positive and negative results. In doing so, I will be in a position to apply strategies and methodologies learnt from academia to make successful business transactions. I see myself collaborating with others to make these business transactions a fruitful benefit for all of those involved in the business transactions. I want to be part of the MBA program at Loyola University and become actively involved in working independently and working as part of a team to research cases and brainstorm ideas of why some businesses failed while others succeeded. Having this opportunity will give me a chance to work positively on projects, continue the networking processes with classmates, professors, and future corporations and make contributions that will help them acquire successful business results. At this point in my life, I am interested in advancing to the next level of my career. At the moment I am a Project Engineer. I want to continue managing projects that are related to engineering and administration on a national and international basis. I have strategically planned my life’s goals and objectives and this is one more I wish to accomplish. I plan to pursue projects that are demanding in essence and will make changes in the way they have been operating in the present, using my experiences and the knowledge that I will obtain from the Executive Program. I realize that an MBA from Loyola University will give me the skills I will need to become a successful engineer as an executive. It will give me the necessary tools for communication and the necessary leadership skills to succeed in my life endeavours.  

In your own practice, which of the classification systems would be Essay

In your own practice, which of the classification systems would be most advantageous - Essay Example As nursing developed into more of a calling and a profession, it also became clear that there needed to be a standard of nursing classification languages which would be readable through all the disciplines, not only for understanding cases and diagnoses, but also to help those who were conducting research and needed to be able to pick up the terms during case research. Currently, there are three nursing classification languages commonly in use and are also internationally based, helping with evidence-based communications across borders and also across the classifications. They are utilized within the standardized nursing languages (SNL) which consist of three components: assessment, problem identification and problem management (Allred, Smith & Flowers, 2004). The organization was founded in the U.S.A. in 1982, based on the National Conference Group task force that first organized in 1973 to develop a cohesive system for notating diagnoses. In 2002, NANDA became an international group, thus opening the doors to a more global sharing of over 200 evidence-based diagnoses through a common standardized nursing language (NANDA, 2012, web). This is used in addressing patient symptoms and reactions to illnesses and injuries and is recorded by nurses through a system of problems, etiology and signs/symptoms (PES). An example of a statement for a patient who has dizziness (problem) is that there is a lack of water intake under heavy physical exertion (etiology) and the patient has dry mouth and very little urine flow (signs) (Allred et al, 2004, p. 57). The NOC is comprised of over 190 patient outcomes that nurses can refer to and it is a three-layer processing system of seven domains, 29 classes of outcomes and 260 final outcomes. These are concerned with information regarding the patient’s surroundings and environment that encompasses family members, community and each has an assigned

College Admission Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

College Admission Personal Statement - Essay Example Actually, my math teachers never strived to find out the root cause of my poor performance, rather they readily and ignorantly labeled me with ADD while constantly pressuring me psychologically due to which I earned the reputation of a good-for-nothing student, though I have always got straight A’s and B’s in other subjects. It all changed when I happened to take my first psychology class during which the stark reality of what I actually was meant to be hit me and forced me to change my opinion about myself. Then I realized that I had much to do in my life if only I was allowed to avail the opportunity for studying psychology in UA. I believe I can be a riveting asset as a student to UA because it has been years since I started designing strategies about how students can be encouraged to learn passionately and how wrong judgments and diagnosis made by teachers can horrendously influence the students psychologically who may have the capacity to perform well but their tal ents get marred by the personality-distorting critical

Climate Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Climate Change - Essay Example Earlier it has been pointed that ecological destruction is one of the many leading causes that contributed to climatic changes. Jha and Whalley (1999) pointed that in developing countries, these environmental destruction is caused by massive soil erosion, open and illegal logging, dumping of solid and chemical wastes to the seas and ocean floors, incessant and unregulated pollution’s emission from companies, households, vehicles and industries. This is exacerbated by untreated human and nonhuman waste and other non-compliance of environmental control and laws in resource extraction, land use, and maximization of chemical-based fertilizers (Jha et al., 1999). The heterogeneity of environmental issues is also affected by the lack, if not absence, of enabling policies that can regulate and address ecological problems around the globe. As advanced nations engaged in an extractive industries in open states or countries, project developments in sites where there are mineral production sharing agreement proved destructive to mountains due to open pit nature of operations with consequential negative impact to rivers, water basins, siltation in the shorelines, displacement of native people, polarization of community (e.g. pro-mining and against), militarization of mine sites, and aggravation of community-based human rights violations (World Bank, 2004). The human beings, an integrated part of ecosystem, are also alienated by these developments as original residents in mine sites are removed from their natural livelihood (World Bank, 2004).... The influence and confluence of sun’s phenomenal flares that emit heat waves, atmospheric natural relations within earth’s axis and the environmental destruction made by human beings, intentional and non-intentional, have contributed or caused climatic changes (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2008). Figure 1. A comprehensive graphics of climate change effects to the world. (OpenGreenSpace, 2012). Causes of environmental problems Earlier it has been pointed that ecological destruction is one of the many leading causes that contributed to climatic changes. Jha and Whalley (1999) pointed that in developing countries, these environmental destruction is caused by massive soil erosion, open and illegal logging, dumping of solid and chemical wastes to the seas and ocean floors, incessant and unregulated pollution’s emission from companies, households, vehicles and industries. This is exacerbated by untreated human and nonhuman waste and other non-compliance o f environmental control and laws in resource extraction, land use, and maximization of chemical-based fertilizers (Jha et al., 1999). The heterogeneity of environmental issues is also affected by the lack, if not absence, of enabling policies that can regulate and address ecological problems around the globe. As advanced nations engaged in an extractive industries in open states or countries, project developments in sites where there are mineral production sharing agreement proved destructive to mountains due to open pit nature of operations with consequential negative impact to rivers, water basins, siltation in the shorelines, displacement of native people, polarization of community (e.g. pro-mining and against), militarization of mine sites, and

Critical Reading and Rhetorical Modes Assignment

Critical Reading and Rhetorical Modes - Assignment Example All this was because an attempt to express herself through different languages that were seen as "illegitimate." Notably, this is evident in the second excerpt when she explains, â€Å"my tongue keep pushing out the wads of cotton, and pushing back the drills and the long thin needles.† Cause and effect is a mode that analyzes the connection between elements and finds a reason for their relationship. For instance, Chicano Spanish is because of the need for identity, means of communication and secrecy among the people had no known original language considered as the cause of the development of Chicano Spanish. Moreover, the author in trying to categorize the different people with whom she shared different language when communicating with has used modes like classification. For example, with Mexican she will speak standard Mexican Spanish. When in her parents companion, she uses Chicano Texas Spanish; with Arizonans, she will use Chicano Spanish and English for California. Lastly, the author in trying to explain the term â€Å"Anglicism† and â€Å"Pachuco† has used definition. Whereby, the author describes it as distorted English and a language of rebellion because it is against both Spanish and English. The language is made up of slang words from both English and Spanish. For example, churo means sure, Simon means

Explain Washington landlord tenant law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Explain Washington landlord tenant law - Essay Example It is vital to note that the apartments allow for disability access. Pets are accepted in the apartments, but one has to pay a deposit of $400 to keep a pet and $200 is refunded when a tenant’s lease expires. However, there are breed restrictions on the type of animal one can keep. The tenant is also provided with one free covered parking space. The lease is one year long (McQueen 54). There are number provisions in the lease that comply with the law. For example, the lease provides the tenant with emergency maintenance and this ensures that the landlord repairs any damages to the apartment. This covers the Residential Landlord-Tenant Act RCW59. 18.230(1). I also find it interesting that the landlord expects tenants to pay a fee to keep a pet at the resident. This is an extra deposit to the security and damage deposit paid when one starts renting the apartment. This is a legal fee since the landlord has the right to charge for fees covering special cleaning. There is also a clause in the lease that the landlord can change the rules regarding the use of the community amenities like the swimming pool, fitness center, and tennis court. This is against the law since a landlord does not have the right to change the terms of a lease once the tenant has signed it. Change to the lease can only occur if the tenant agrees to it (Haupt and Kathryn 132). Another provision of the lease that I find interesting is that the landlord does not have to return the tenant’s security deposit if the apartment is damaged in any way. This is not legal according to the law of Washington State. The landlord is only allowed to keep the exact amount a tenant owes on repair costs. The rest of the money must be returned to the tenant (RCW 59.18.280). Another provision of the lease that I find interesting is the fact that if I move out before the end of the lease, I will be forced to pay all rent owed before the landlord can re-rent the apartment RCW

Theory Paper about the Enactment Theory of Mentoring-Kablfleisch Essay

Theory Paper about the Enactment Theory of Mentoring-Kablfleisch - Essay Example It describes what the theory is about, what studies say about it, how it has been used in communication, and how people could utilize it in their lives. Summary The Enactment Theory of Mentoring is a communication theory that gives suggestions on how mentors and trainees in an organization can use strategic communication in developing a relationship between themselves (Kalbfleisch, 2007). The theory gives nine proposals that show how mentors and trainees ought to conduct themselves when trying to initiate, develop, and maintain relationships in an organization. The first proposal brought out in the theory shows that mentors can decline to become mentors to trainees during their first interactions (Grill, 2011). The second proposition shows a higher possibility of mentors turning down the request made by trainees of becoming their mentors. According to Kalbfleisch, mentors show more willingness to help trainees on a project than they agree to become their mentors. In the same way, men tors have a more likelihood of allowing trainees to help them in a project compared to their accepting to become the trainees’ mentors (Grill, 2011). The reason behind this, according to the theory is that there is no enough initial time for the mentor and the trainee to create a close relationship, and thus mentors turn down any formal requests for mentorship (Kalbfleisch, 2007). ... The theory’s third proposition shows that mentors show interest in training new trainees when they have mentored others before (Kalbfleisch, 2007), as the fourth proposition shows trainees’ interest of being mentored by any more advanced individual regardless of the duration of their relationship. The fifth proposal shows trainees’ likelihood of accepting offers from more advanced individuals in the organization. These propositions show that in the early stages of communication relationships, trainees are more likely to accept mentorship when approached by a more advanced individual (Allen, 2007). This means that trainees will have to use most of their time building communication relationship with their mentors. The other propositions in the theory show communication efforts that mentors and trainees put to ensure their relationship (Kalbfleisch, 2007). The sixth proposition shows that a trainee shows more engagement in maintaining a communication relationship as opposed to the mentor more especially when the success of the trainee depends on the mentor. The theory argues that in the case where breaking a relationship with a mentor causes loss to trainees, the trainees do their best to ensure a maintained relationship with their mentor. The seventh proposition in this theory concerns the issue of gender in mentoring. It shows that female trainees in an organization are more likely to use communication strategies geared towards initiating, developing, and maintaining a relationship as opposed to male trainees (Grill, 2011). The ninth, which is the last proposition in the theory, suggests that mentors are likely to maintain communication strategies in a relationship that is likely

The writer & impressio Essay Example for Free

The writer impressio Essay My impression of Robert Cohn is that he is insecure and self-conscious. This is because it is mentioned in the passage that he took up boxing to counteract the feeling of inferiority and shyness that he felt on being treated as a Jew at Princeton. He became very good at it as it suited him. He also felt an inner comfort in knowing he could knock down anybody who was snooty to him. It also gave him a certain satisfaction of some sorts even though he had a permanently flattened nose as a result of it. He was also good at boxing. Boxing suited him and he became good at it. Also, Spider Kelly, his teacher, not only remembered him but also wondered what had happened to him. However, he is a gentle person. Even though he was able to knock down people, he never fought except in gym. Also, by his last year of Princeton, no one remembered that he was middleweight boxing champion. He is also a coward. He did not dare to stand up to people when he was in Princeton. He also did not dare to stand up to his wife until he became an unattractive mould under domestic unhappiness with a rich wife. He did not divorce his wife earlier because he felt that it would be too cruel to deprive herself of him. Later in his life, he was also taken in hand by a lady who was very forceful. He did not have a chance of not being taken in hand. He is also a literary person. This can be seen as in his final year, he read so much that he had to wear glasses. He also did not look like a middleweight boxing champion and the author suspected that his flattened nose was a result of something else besides a boxing accident. Also, after his divorce, he fell among literary people and backed a review of the Arts. His name also appeared as a member of the editorial board until he became the sole editor. He also liked the feel of power. When he was the sole editor of the magazine, it could be seen that he liked the authority of editing and was sorry when the magazine became too expensive. Robert Cohn is also not assertive. He did not express any discontent but instead allowed his wife to harden him into an unattractive mould under domestic unhappiness. He also did not divorce her even though he was not happy throughout their whole marriage. He is also not suited to control finances. Even though he was from a rich family, he lost most of the fifty thousand that his father left him and the remainder went to his mother. He is also sensitive to discrimination. This can be seen when he was treated as a Jew in Princeton, he took up boxing to counteract the inferiority and shyness that he felt. It also made him feel different and he was thus very bitter about it. The prejudice that he suffered while he was in Princeton and his disastrous marriage probably affected his later behavior in life. This is the opening of the novel. Has it successfully captured your attention? Justify your answer with close reference to the passage. This opening has successfully captured my attention. This is because there is a feeling of suspense ion the story. It makes the reader want to find out about the discrimination that Robert Cohn had suffered during his stay in Princeton and also about the time he spent boxing. It also makes the reader want to know how he had managed to overcome his insecurities through boxing. It also makes the reader want to know about his disastrous marriage to his wife and why it was disastrous. It also makes the reader wonder why they wanted to divorce when they had three children as children usually signify a happy marriage. The reader would also be naturally interested in his literary pursuits before, during and after his marriage. They would also be interested in why he gave up boxing to read. They would also want to know about the things that he did while among the literary people and why he joined the advisory board and later became editor. The reader also would want to know why he later had to give it up. The writer creates a feeling of suspense by first giving a summary of Robert Cohns life. The reader would then be curious to read more to find out more.

Building Links Between Refugees and the Community

Building Links Between Refugees and the Community Background The City of Greater Dandenong is a local government area in Victoria, it is located in the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne. The city has an area of just about 129.42 square kilometres and a population of approximately 146,000 residents from over 150 nations by 2014. Suburbs and towns of the city Bangholme, Dandenong, Dandenong North, Dandenong South, Keysborough, Parts of  Lyndhurst, Noble Park, Noble Park North, Springvale, Springvale South. The city of Greater Dandenong is one of the most diverse communities in Victoria. The city has a long history of welcoming new and emerging communities, including migrants arriving through humanitarian programs. More than half of these residents were born overseas with 55% from non-English speaking countries. Many of those who have migrated to the area have origins in parts of the world with recent histories of conflict, violence and displacement (City of Greater Dandenong 2014b). The City of Greater Dandenong acknowledges the difficulty of the journey of refugees and asylum seekers who are often fleeing from conflict, human rights violations and persecutions. Refugees come to seek safety and protection in order to rebuild their lives. For these reasons the City has beena Refugee Welcome Zone since 2002 and the Council actively promotes and advocates for the rights of the forcibly displaced people. The city council believes that refugees bring resilience, hope, motivation and skills to contribute substantially to the community social, civic and economic life. In 2012/13, 2,240 recently-arrived migrants settled in Greater Dandenong, this is the highest number of settlers in any Victorian municipality. A third of these people were humanitarian immigrants from different countries such as: Afghanistan, Burma, Iran, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Pakistan and Thailand (Refugee Council of Australia, 2012). Main goal Our project is focused on 750 refugees recently arrived in 2012-2013 and living on the City of Greater Dandenong. Our project’s main goal is to create a social Connection between Refugees and Local Community in the City of Greater Dandenong. To achieve this goal our project is proposing the use of sports as tool to create this social connection. Objectives As we mentioned before, the main goal of the project is to create a social Connection between Refugees and Local Community through sports, and to achieve this outcome our project objectives are focused to: Alleviate the community isolation faced by refugees by raising awareness and knowledge about refugees within the local community. Promote an interaction between local community and refugees. Promote opportunities for refugees to participate in community life. Recognise the contribution of refugees, including their many cultures and faiths. Collaborate with partners, community groups and local agencies to strengthen this links. Refugee Situation Arefugeeis defined as â€Å" a person who is outside their home country because they have feared or suffered persecution on account of nationality, religion, race, political opinion, or because they are a member of a persecuted social category of persons or because they are escaping a war† (The Oxford English Dictionary 1989). Refugees of different nationalities arrive to Australia every year, bringing with them different expectations and goals that are often difficult to meet because of the social, cultural and language barriers that the new environment represents. These barriers of language, culture and communication are a great challenge not only for refugees but for local residents as well, these obstacles cause isolation, resentment, and a perception of social exclusion for the refugees to settle in the new communities. With approximately 60% of residents born overseas from over150 different counties and 55% from non-English speaking backgrounds, the city Council of greater Dandenong recognises that this broad mix of nationalities enriches the diversity of the community and for these reasons they have created some Diversity planning committees to support this diversity and foster community relationships (City of Greater Dandenong 2014a). These committees include: Ethnic Communities Council of the South East (ECCOSE) is an independently incorporated Council of leaders of the ethnic communities in the South Eastern Region of Melbourne. It provides a strong, independent voice for migrants and refugees to encourage and facilitate participation in every aspect of community life. Migrant Settlement Committee, is a consultative committee within the City of Greater Dandenong. Membership consists of agencies dealing with migrant and refugee settlement issues in the municipality as well as Council officers. However, refugees face numerous problems not only with language, but also in adaptation to the new culture and environment, accessibility to public services, discrimination, unemployment, affordable housing, family structures, acculturation, and many others inherent to the new settlement experience. Some researchers have found that immigrants with problems in adjustment and embracement of the new socio-cultural environment more often will develop a low self-esteem personality (Rogler, 1991). These difficulties have been reflected in numerous studies carried out by Australian institutions, and for this reason Local Governments have historically played an important role in assisting refugee settlement and promoting community harmony in Australia. Organizations involved Different organizations in Australia are working to improve the life of refugees, within these organizations there is AMES and The Refugee Council of Australia. AMES, is Australia’s largest provider of humanitarian settlement,education, training, and employment services for refugees and newly arriving migrants. The vision of AMES is: â€Å"Full Participation for all in a solid and diverse society.† To achieve this vision of full participation AMES is working with communities, Business, Government, and Social Enterprises providing jobs, training opportunities and spaces for groups to gather and share (AMES, 2014). AMES provides a broad range of settlement services for refugees and migrants. These include on-arrival settlement support, English language training, vocational training and employment services. These services are primarily delivered through federal and state contracts such as: Humanitarian Settlement Services, Adult Migrant English Program, Skills for Education and Employment Program, Victorian Training Guarantee and Job Services Australia (AMES, 2014). The Refugee Council of Australia (RCOA), is the national umbrella body for refugees and for the organisations and individuals who support them. RCOA has more than 180 organisational and 700 individual members and promotes the adoption of flexible, humane and practical policies towards refugees and asylum seekers both within Australia and internationally through conducting research, advocacy, policy analysis and community education. The Refugee Welcome Zone is an initiative of the RCOA and currently involves 87 Councils around the country. A Refugee Welcome Zone is a Local Government Area which has made a commitment to welcoming refugees into the community, upholding their human rights, demonstrating compassion and enhancing cultural and religious diversity in the community. By these means, local Government Areas are encouraged in their continuing efforts to support the men, women and children who make the difficult journey to Australia to seek for protection; the city of greater Dandenong is one of the current refugee welcome zones. (Refugee Welcome Zones, 2013). References City of Greater Dandenong 2014a. Diversity planning committees [Online]. Available: http://www.greaterdandenong.com/document/2512/diversity. City of Greater Dandenong 2014b. Refugees and Asylum Seekers [Online]. Available: http://www.greaterdandenong.com/document/25321/refugees-and-asylum-seekers. The Oxford English Dictionary 1989. The Oxford English Dictionary. In: WEINER, J. S. A. E. (ed.) The Oxford English Dictionary. Second Edition ed.: Oxford University Press. AMES. 2014. About AMES [Online]. Available: http://www.ames.net.au/about-ames.html. REFUGEE COUNCIL OF AUSTRALIA, S. C. I. G. D. 2012. Available: http://www.greaterdandenong.com/document/18464/statistical-data-for-victorian-communities. REFUGEE WELCOME ZONES, L. C. B. A. C. O. W. F. R. 2013. Available: https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/g/131219_RWZ.pdf. ROGLER, L. H., CORTES, D.E. AND MALAGADY, R.G. 1991. Acculturation and mental health status among Hispnics: Convergence and new directions for research. American Psychologist, 46(6): 585-597.

Literature Review of Risks Prevention of Pressure Sores

Literature Review of Risks Prevention of Pressure Sores A review of literature provides the concept to continue for the contemplated research, an understanding of the status of the research in the problem area includes research approach, method, instrumentation, and analysis. The literature review is organized under the following headings: Review related to the prevalence of pressure sore Review related to the etiology and risk factors of pressure sore Review related to the prevention of pressure sore Review related to the caregivers of pressure sore Review Related to prevalence of pressure sore Hendrichova.I et.al (2010) have done Retrospective analysis of 1414 clinical records of patients admitted over 6 months and found prevalence of pressure ulcers of 22.9 % and incidence of 6.7 % Forni C et. al (2009), conducted study regarding cohort study of the incidence of heel pressure sores in patients with leg casts at the Rizzoli orthopedic hospital and also the associated risk factors at Italy. He found that out of 216 patients 17.6% (38) developed a pressure sore: 16/124 in orthopedic wards; and 22/92 in cancer care units. The related risk factors of pressure sore were noted are administration of anti neoplastic drugs (p = 0.033) OR = 2.61; skin redness before cast application (p = 0.001; OR = 4.44), reported symptoms after the application (p = 0.000; OR = 7.86). Most of the pressure sores were mainly in the stage 1 and stage II was 6/216 (2.4%). Voweden KR and Vowden.P (2009) conducted study regarding the prevalence of pressure ulcer, management, equipment provision and outcome for patients with pressure ulceration and identified in a wound care survey within one English health care district on 1000 population in the tertiary referrals and prevalence of 53.7 % were classed as grade 2 pressure ulcers, 48 % were grade I and only 35 % of grade 4. Pressure ulcers were identified through the critical incident form are only about 11 % of pressure ulcers at hospital setup and gives the current Epidemiology of pressure ulcers. Harrow J.J et.al (2008) conducted study regarding pressure ulcers and occipital alopecia in operation Iraqi Freedom poly trauma casualties: retrospective review from 2004- 2006 to detect the prevalence and severity of pressure-related injuries and stated that 38% of admissions to this hospital had pressure-related injuries on the day of admission. In which Casualties from Iraq had a higher rate of pressure ulcers (53%) than other area (22%). Occipital lesions accounts 50% of non-stage I pressure ulcers and more severe than of the sacrum or in the extremities. Review related to risk factors associated with the pressure ulcer: Lahmann N.A.et. al (2010) done, study regarding impact of prevention structures and processes on pressure ulcer prevalence in nursing homes and acute care hospitals, by the method of prevalence survey among 7377 residents in 60 nursing homes and also 28,102 clients with 82 acute-care hospitals at Germany by annual point prevalence surveys. Results noted are nosocomial prevalence rates in hospitals decreased from 26.3% during the first year to 11.3% in the last year (mainly in nursing homes from 13.7% to 6.4%). The usage of pressure ulcer-related structures conspicuous more during each repetition to more than 90%. Fisher A.R et. al (2004) conducted cross sectional prevalence studies among 535 patients regarding f pressure ulcers in adults in acute care settings at university teaching hospital, Canada and found the prevalence of pressure ulcers was 27% (at 95% confidence interval, 23-31%). Total Braden score below 17 and increasing age were significantly associated with the presence of pressure ulcers and also found majority of the risk factors are increasing age, less activity level, friction and shear while seated or lying down were associated with hospital-acquired pressure ulcers, only increasing age, friction and shear were associated with the presence of pressure ulcers in the whole sample. Silva M.S et.al (1998) conducted exploratory- descriptive study to identify, in the specialized literature, which predisposing conditions and risks factors would be related to the development of pressure ulcer, and to verify how often these predisposing conditions and risk factors would be present in bedridden patients, hospitalized in an institution and concluded that there is the need to construct an instrument to measure this risk must suit our reality and that incorporates risk factors identified with a significant frequency in this study and are not contemplated in most of the available scales in the literature. Review related to the prevention of pressure sore Baldi et .al (2010) conducted study regarding Studying factors related to pressure ulcers prevention: a marginal scale model for modelling heterogeneity among hospitals. in patients referred to several Italian hospitals, with the method of prevalence survey co ordinate through the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel among 12 000 hospitalized patients in Italy, and results shows that the prevention of pressure sore includes usage of Braden Scale, age and assistance- connected aspects, and usage of preventive equipment combined with a repositioning techniques. Wann-Hansson C et .al (2008) conducted study in sweedish University regarding Risk factors and prevention among clients with hospital-acquired and pre-existing pressure ulcers in an acute care hospital among adults in an acute care hospital compared with patients with pre-existing pressure ulcers present during admission with 535 clients and notified the prevalence rate of pressure ulcers were 27% (95% confidence interval, 23-31%). Shahin E.S (2008) conducted study regarding prevalence of pressure ulcer among intensive care cltients: a cross sectional study at German with the sample of 1760 clients in order to assess the pressure ulcer prevalence among intensive care clients, and also found clients characteristics and preventive measures related to prevalence of pressure ulcer clients and to assess the most common sites of pressure ulcers. A result shows a mean prevalence rate was +/-30% from 2002 to 2005. The pressure sore prevalence was decreased to 16.2% in 2006 and half of the pressure ulcers were in grade 1. He has stated the significant association between the age and pressure ulcer (P

A Poker Addiction :: Personal Narrative Descriptive Papers

A Poker Addiction As Manny sits there, with half the chips he began with, he faces the hardest decision of the night. Does he call? Does he fold? There are so many things to consider, so much at stake. As the seconds tick by, flashes of frames from the World Series of Poker pass before his eyes; Johnny Chan slapping his cards down on the table, calling out â€Å"All in,† in front of God knows how many people. He sees Phil Hellmuth with his chin supported on his hands, shuffling chips and staring down his opponent. He smirks at the thought of Chris Moneymaker’s famous bluff against Sam Farha. He’s glad he doesn’t need to bluff this hand; he has very solid cards in front of him. At this point the adrenaline rush that is going through his body is one like no other. It is a mixture of excitement, nervousness, and competitiveness. It is a feeling players love to hate. They hate having it, but they love wanting it. As all these scenes pass before Manny’s eyes, he suddenly gets an urge to be bold and risky. He decides that calling his opponent would just weaken his position. â€Å"It would only make him think that I have a losing hand and am hoping for the best†, he reasons, â€Å"I’m all in† he then says, and slaps the cards down on the table in a Chan-like manner. Now it is up to Alex, it is his turn to decide whether to fold or call. Alex, though, is sure he has Manny beat, he gives Manny a smirk and says, in a Russian accent imitating the KGB guy from the movie Rounders, â€Å"I call.† All of sudden everyone is interested. One of these guys is about to lose all his chips. â€Å"Flip ‘em† somebody yells. As Manny flips his cards the whole table gets a look at them, A-K, an enviable hand. Alex flips his: 10-10, also a good hand. Alex definitely has an advantage, with a pocket pair. Both players look at each other and then back down at the table. Manny is hoping his bold move doesn’t backfire on him, and Alex just wants to finish the hand without having a heart attack. Here come the next three cards, also known as the flop, 7-9-K. Manny sighs as he sees his King, he is now in the lead. A Poker Addiction :: Personal Narrative Descriptive Papers A Poker Addiction As Manny sits there, with half the chips he began with, he faces the hardest decision of the night. Does he call? Does he fold? There are so many things to consider, so much at stake. As the seconds tick by, flashes of frames from the World Series of Poker pass before his eyes; Johnny Chan slapping his cards down on the table, calling out â€Å"All in,† in front of God knows how many people. He sees Phil Hellmuth with his chin supported on his hands, shuffling chips and staring down his opponent. He smirks at the thought of Chris Moneymaker’s famous bluff against Sam Farha. He’s glad he doesn’t need to bluff this hand; he has very solid cards in front of him. At this point the adrenaline rush that is going through his body is one like no other. It is a mixture of excitement, nervousness, and competitiveness. It is a feeling players love to hate. They hate having it, but they love wanting it. As all these scenes pass before Manny’s eyes, he suddenly gets an urge to be bold and risky. He decides that calling his opponent would just weaken his position. â€Å"It would only make him think that I have a losing hand and am hoping for the best†, he reasons, â€Å"I’m all in† he then says, and slaps the cards down on the table in a Chan-like manner. Now it is up to Alex, it is his turn to decide whether to fold or call. Alex, though, is sure he has Manny beat, he gives Manny a smirk and says, in a Russian accent imitating the KGB guy from the movie Rounders, â€Å"I call.† All of sudden everyone is interested. One of these guys is about to lose all his chips. â€Å"Flip ‘em† somebody yells. As Manny flips his cards the whole table gets a look at them, A-K, an enviable hand. Alex flips his: 10-10, also a good hand. Alex definitely has an advantage, with a pocket pair. Both players look at each other and then back down at the table. Manny is hoping his bold move doesn’t backfire on him, and Alex just wants to finish the hand without having a heart attack. Here come the next three cards, also known as the flop, 7-9-K. Manny sighs as he sees his King, he is now in the lead.

Mykhailo Hrushevsky :: Hrushevsky Ukranian Author Biography Essays

Mykhailo Hrushevsky When one thinks of great Ukrainians a few names come to mind and right at the top of that list is Mykhailo Hrushevsky. This man was a renassaince man on his worst day. He was an author, publicist, political and civic leader, and the most prominent Ukrainian historian. The kind of man that Hrushevsky was, is a the kind of man that makes nations great. â€Å"Mykhailo Hrushevsky was born in the town of Kholm (now it is situated in the territory of Poland) in 1866.†[2] He lived in this are until he was only 3 when his family moved to Caucasia. â€Å"He graduated from the classical gymnasium, which is a type of academic school, in Tiflis (now Tbilisi) (1886)†[3]. It was during this time that Hrushevsky started to write letters and such that were good enough to be published. After his time at the gymnasium, Hrushevsky went on to the Kyiv University where he studied under the famed historian V. Antonovych[4]. He graduated in high regards in 1890 and published his first scholarly work, South Ruthenian Feudal Castles in the Mid-16th Century, in the same year.[5] He continued to write and study and earned a masters degree in 1894. After his degree had been earned Hrushevsky was appointed professor of the newly created chair of Ukrainian history at Lviv University, by the recommendation of V. Antonovych.[6] Hrushevsky’s time at Lviv was one of extraordinary production. He became very active in the Ntsh, also known as the Shevchenko Scientific Society. He ran fundraisers and earned much needed funds for the association. He founded a library and a museum for the association. He brought many scholars into the association and also made outside contacts. He transformed the group’s journal from a yearly to a monthly publication[7]. Also, he established an archeological part of the association in 1895. Mykhailo Hrushevsky :: Hrushevsky Ukranian Author Biography Essays Mykhailo Hrushevsky When one thinks of great Ukrainians a few names come to mind and right at the top of that list is Mykhailo Hrushevsky. This man was a renassaince man on his worst day. He was an author, publicist, political and civic leader, and the most prominent Ukrainian historian. The kind of man that Hrushevsky was, is a the kind of man that makes nations great. â€Å"Mykhailo Hrushevsky was born in the town of Kholm (now it is situated in the territory of Poland) in 1866.†[2] He lived in this are until he was only 3 when his family moved to Caucasia. â€Å"He graduated from the classical gymnasium, which is a type of academic school, in Tiflis (now Tbilisi) (1886)†[3]. It was during this time that Hrushevsky started to write letters and such that were good enough to be published. After his time at the gymnasium, Hrushevsky went on to the Kyiv University where he studied under the famed historian V. Antonovych[4]. He graduated in high regards in 1890 and published his first scholarly work, South Ruthenian Feudal Castles in the Mid-16th Century, in the same year.[5] He continued to write and study and earned a masters degree in 1894. After his degree had been earned Hrushevsky was appointed professor of the newly created chair of Ukrainian history at Lviv University, by the recommendation of V. Antonovych.[6] Hrushevsky’s time at Lviv was one of extraordinary production. He became very active in the Ntsh, also known as the Shevchenko Scientific Society. He ran fundraisers and earned much needed funds for the association. He founded a library and a museum for the association. He brought many scholars into the association and also made outside contacts. He transformed the group’s journal from a yearly to a monthly publication[7]. Also, he established an archeological part of the association in 1895.

Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 15

The doctors at the hospital said Seth's survival was a miracle. Which, of course, it was. The police officers who talked to all of us believed Seth's actions had been rash – but also admirable. Defending a fair maiden tends to elicit that reaction, and since Seth hadn't been killed, no one else viewed his gallant defense quite the same as I did. Because honestly? I thought it was stupid. I thought it was so stupid, and I was furious. Beyond furious. I'd surpassed it and moved into an uncharted area of enragement. What had he been thinking? â€Å"I wasn't thinking,† he told me in a low voice, when I questioned him in the ER. The others had stepped out for a moment, busy with other things, and it was just the two of us. Seth lay on the bed, face still pale, but otherwise alive and well. â€Å"That guy had a gun. You were in his line of fire.† I opened my mouth to argue the poor logic there, but one of the doctors stepped back inside. She needed to check Seth, and I backed out of the room before I said something I'd regret. Seth might have acted like an idiot, but he was in the hospital with a major injury. Blowing up right now probably wasn't the most appropriate course of action for the healing process. Instead, I sought out Vincent. After his interview with the police, he'd stationed himself down the hall, back against the wall and hands stuffed into his pockets. He tilted his head back, face staring miserably up at the ceiling. â€Å"Hey,† I said, careful to keep a safe space between us. He glanced down at me. â€Å"Hey. How is he?† â€Å"Fine – considering everything. The doctors are amazed the bullet ‘missed.'† Vincent turned away and gazed blankly down the hall. He stayed silent. I didn't know what to say. So†¦you're a nephilim. How's that working out? Frankly, I could guess how that was working out. Horribly. Nephilim were the offspring of angels and humans. Those angels were now demons, of course. You couldn't sleep around with hot humans and still play for heaven's team – as I'd noted with Yasmine. It was why Jerome had fallen. In what had to be the most unfair deal in the world, many nephilim had been hunted and killed by angels and demons – even their own parents. Heaven and Hell viewed nephilim as dangerous abominations. The fact that nephilim tended to have unruly natures and poor impulse control didn't really help their reputation. As a result of their persecution, nephilim usually walked the earth disguised, hiding the full brunt of their power – which rivaled their parents' – as well as the immortal signatures that could give them away. And while I felt bad for them, they nonetheless scared the hell out of me. Many of them held grudges against angels, demons, and anyone else immortal. Jerome's son Roman was like that. He had come to Seattle a few months ago and embarked on a revenge killing spree. Looking at Vincent now, I wondered if I was dealing with the same sort of thing. â€Å"Does†¦Yasmine know?† I asked after several more awkward moments. His eyes flicked back to me. â€Å"Of course.† He said it with the same matter-of-fact tone he'd used when we'd talked about their relationship. It was a tone that implied how could she not know? Like it was absurd that he would keep anything from the woman he loved. â€Å"It kills her,† he said with a sigh. â€Å"It's eating her up inside.† â€Å"Because†¦of†¦what you are†¦?† â€Å"No.† His eyes were so sad that I almost forgot he came from a race of uber-powerful psychopaths. â€Å"She doesn't care about that part. What she can't stand is that it's a secret. That she has to hide everything. You know they can't lie†¦but she's not exactly telling the truth either. It's deceitful, and she hates that. And I hate that she hates it. I've tried to end our†¦thing a couple of times, but she won't do it because†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Because she loves you,† I finished. Vincent shrugged and looked away from me again. â€Å"I'm sorry,† I told him at last. And I was. How horrible. Yasmine loving anyone was dangerous enough, but for her to love one of the most despised creatures in our world†¦well, yeah. That took it to an entirely different level. An angel should have been reporting Vincent's existence, not hiding it. Vincent turned his attention back to me. â€Å"Who will you tell? Carter? Jerome?† I stared into those dark, dark eyes, those eyes filled with so much sorrow and so much love. I stopped being afraid of him. He wasn't Roman. â€Å"No one,† I said quietly. â€Å"I'm not going to tell anyone.† He turned incredulous. â€Å"Why? You know what I am. You know you could get in trouble for hiding me. Why wouldn't you tell?† I thought about it. â€Å"Because the system is fucked up.† I went back to Seth's room after that, and when I stepped out into the hall later, Vincent was gone. He wasn't at my apartment when I returned home that night. Seth was released the following morning, and I stayed home from work with him. â€Å"I don't need to be coddled, Thetis,† he told me gently – though I could swear there was the tiniest hint of annoyance in his voice. â€Å"I'm fine. I won't break.† We were sitting in his living room, side by side on the couch. He had his laptop, and I had a novel. I folded a corner of the page I was on and shut the book. I wanted to tell Seth that he would break, that that's what it meant to be mortal. I wanted to tell him a thousand things, just like I'd wanted to in the hospital, but once more I swallowed my feelings. â€Å"You just need to take it easy,† I said. â€Å"And I want to make sure you don't do anything too crazy.† â€Å"Right. Because my usual lifestyle is so physically vigorous.† He had a point. Most of his days were spent sitting and writing. He wasn't too likely to burst another artery that way. â€Å"I just want you to be careful,† I said obstinately. â€Å"You were shot last night, remember? That's not the same as falling on the ice.† â€Å"You overreacted to that too.† â€Å"Is it so wrong to care about you?† He sighed and returned to his work. I had a feeling I wasn't the only one biting back angry words. We spent most of the day like that, talking little. Whenever he expressed any interest in something – food, drink, etc. – I was quick to jump up and get it for him. I was the perfect nurse/servant. Finally, around dinnertime, he looked like he was nearing a breaking point. â€Å"Arent your friends doing something tonight?† he asked stiffly. â€Å"Are you trying to get rid of me?† â€Å"Just asking.† â€Å"They're having a card game.† â€Å"You aren't going?† â€Å"No, I'll stay here with you.† â€Å"You should go.† â€Å"I don't want to leave you. In case you need something.† â€Å"Then take me with you.† â€Å"What?† I exclaimed. â€Å"But you need to – â€Å" † – take it easy, rest, not strain myself. I know, I know. But look, I'm kind of getting cabin fever here, and honestly, I think you'd benefit from a little distraction.† â€Å"Seth – â€Å" â€Å"Georgina,† he interrupted. â€Å"It won't be much different than this. More sitting around, except with – â€Å" â€Å"Better company?† â€Å"That's not what I mean,† he said. We went back and forth, and as we did, I wondered when we'd reached this point in our relationship. Hitherto everything had been giddy and sentimental with us. How had we crossed the line into nagging? When had we started getting on each other's nerves? In movies, life-threatening experiences are supposed to bring people together. I finally relented, and we went over to Peter and Cody's place. The gang – consisting of Hugh, Peter, Cody, and Carter tonight – was surprised to see us since Seth often avoided immortal social events. But socially inept or no, Seth liked playing cards. It was the kind of analytical activity he enjoyed, and he could often get by without talking very much. Just before the game started, Niphon showed up. He and I exchanged brief glares and then proceeded to ignore each other. Inevitably, Seth getting shot came up in conversation. â€Å"You threw yourself in front of a gun for her?† asked Peter, clearly impressed. â€Å"Well,† said Seth, a little uncomfortable at all those eyes on him. â€Å"Mostly I tried to jostle it away.† â€Å"You mean, disarm him?† â€Å"Well†¦no. More like†¦jostle. I don't really know how to ‘disarm' anyone.† â€Å"I figured maybe you took combat classes in order to write those fight scenes in your books,† explained Peter. Seth shook his head. â€Å"Never been in a fight in my life. Until last night.† â€Å"That's awesome,† said Cody. â€Å"Risking your life in the name of love.† I stared at the vampires disbelievingly while they babbled on about how amazing Seth's feat had been. They peppered him with more questions about the attack, and the anger I'd been trying to squelch since last night kept building and building. Across the table, Niphon listened with a smirk. Carter, in his usual way, concealed his feelings. I wanted to know why he wasn't out with the other angels, but the Seth thing was taking precedence over my curiosity. One thing struck me as odd. Hugh, listening quietly, seemed as angry as I did. I would have expected him to jump right in with the vampires, blithely pestering Seth for action-packed details and waxing on about how cool Seth's heroics had been. But the imp's face looked dark and stony, his eyes fixed pointedly on his cards. â€Å"The guy was probably high,† remarked Peter. â€Å"Never know what that might bring out. You jumping in like that was pretty ballsy when you think about it.† I couldn't take it anymore. â€Å"It was stupid!† I cried. Everyone's heads jerked in my direction. I ignored them, my eyes on Seth. â€Å"It was foolish and idiotic and, and – † I couldn't think of any more synonyms, so I let it go. â€Å"You shouldn't have done it. He couldn't have hurt me. He couldn't have killed me. You should have let me handle it!† I knew that Seth despised being the center of a commotion like this, but he returned my gaze with a surprisingly fierce one. â€Å"Georgina, there was a man with a gun in a dark alley. You were in front of him. Do you really think I was running through all sorts of logical scenarios at the time? ‘Oh, let's see. She's immortal, so even if she gets shot, there's nothing to worry about.'† â€Å"Yes,† I growled. â€Å"That is what you should have been thinking.† â€Å"What I was thinking was ‘The woman I love is in danger, and I would rather die myself than see anything happen to her.'† â€Å"But nothing would have happened to me!† â€Å"It's a basic human instinct to protect the ones you love. Even if they're immortal.† â€Å"That doesn't make any sense.† â€Å"That's because it's been too long since you were human,† he snapped. It was like being hit. I shot up from my chair and stalked off to the bathroom. Angry tears were welling up in my eyes, and I refused to let them show in front of my friends. Leaning my forehead against the mirror, I tried to do all the standard tricks for calming down. Deep breathing. Counting to ten. None of it worked. I didn't get it. I just didn't get it. And apparently, Seth didn't either. Why couldn't he understand? Getting shot – in my head, in my heart, whatever – would fucking hurt. The pain would be excruciating. But in a day or so, I'd recover. I'd go on. But Seth wouldn't. Why did he not see how serious this was? Death was forever. Squeezing my eyes shut, I tried to block out the image of Seth dead. Cold. Still. No more spark in those brown eyes. No more warm hand to hold mine. A sob built up in me, and I forced it away. After more deep breathing, I finally felt like I could return to the others. But as I stepped out of the bathroom and started to round the corner back to the kitchen, I heard more shouting. Hugh. â€Å"It was brave, okay? Noble. Gallant. Worthy of a gold star. But she's right. It was stupid. It was so fucking stupid, and you're even more fucking stupid for not realizing it.† â€Å"I get it,† said Seth. I could hear the weariness and exasperation in his voice. â€Å"I could have died. I know, okay? But I wasn't thinking about the larger workings of the universe. I was thinking about her.† â€Å"No,† said Hugh. â€Å"You weren't. I am so goddamned tired of hearing everyone talk about how hard it is to be you. They all go on and on about how amazing it is that you can handle this relationship with her. But, Christ. Really, what's hard about it? You have this beautiful, brilliant girlfriend who doesn't fucking age. She loves you. I know you can't have sex, and everyone acts like that's the end of the world, but come on. She's given you the green light to go get it somewhere else. I don't really see you suffering that much.† â€Å"What's your point?† asked Seth. â€Å"My point is that she's the one who suffers. She knows your life is a ticking time bomb. What have you got, another fifty years maybe? And that's if disease or an accident doesn't take you first. Fifty years, and you're gone. She has to live with that every day, knowing that in one breath, your life could be snuffed out like that.† I heard Hugh's fingers snap. â€Å"Not hurt. Not injured. Gone. She is going to watch you age, watch you gray and wither away, and when you do finally die, it's going to destroy her.† There was a moment's silence, then I heard Seth say uncertainly, â€Å"Fifty years isn't anything compared to the scope of her life. She'll get over me. As everyone keeps reminding me, she's immortal.† â€Å"All that means is that she has more time to mourn. If you had any fucking regard for her, you would have ended this stupid romance a long time ago. You would have never gotten involved. She was uncertain at first, but now she's in. She isn't going to give you up. You could turn into the world's biggest asshole, and she still wouldn't do it – not with all these romantic ideals she has now. She loves too easily – and gets hurt too easily.† I finally forced myself to move in the ensuing silence. Everyone looked away from me, except Niphon. He was obviously enjoying all of this. I sat back down, and the card game commenced. None of us were really into it, though. The atmosphere was stiff, the conversation forced and halting. It was the proverbial elephant in the room situation. When Peter awkwardly said he was getting tired, the rest of us practically flew out of our seats to leave. As I was putting on my coat, Carter strolled over to me. â€Å"Seth makes his own choices, as is his right,† Carter said softly. The angel was regarding me in that way that always sent chills down my spine. Someone wearing such an ugly baseball cap really shouldn't have that kind of ability. Honestly, how did his hats always get so dirty? â€Å"You can rage all you want, but in the end, mortals live their lives the way they decide to. It's not our place to interfere with that.† â€Å"Of course it is,† I said. â€Å"It's what you guys do. It's what we all do. That's the whole point of the Heaven and Hell battle – we purposely interfere with people's lives.† â€Å"Yes, but this is different.† â€Å"No, it's not.† Beyond him, I saw Niphon saying something to Seth. Great. The imp was probably trying to buy his soul. That was so not what I needed right now. I turned back to Carter. â€Å"Look, I've got to go. Say hi to the Get Along Gang when you see them.† I dragged Seth away from Niphon, and we headed home. I hadn't thought things between us could be any more uncomfortable than they had been at Peter's, but the car ride proved me wrong. Earlier, Seth and I had discussed him staying over at my place, but as I merged onto I-5, he asked, â€Å"I'd kind of like to get some more work done. Do you mind if I just go home?† The elephant had apparently joined us in the car now. I smiled tightly and kept my eyes on the road. â€Å"Sure. No problem.†

Develop Productive Working Relationships with Colleagues Essay

D1. Develop productive working relationships with colleagues 4) How to identify conflicts of interest with colleagues and the measurements that can be used to manage or remove them A conflict of interest occurs when an individual or organisation is involved in multiple interests, one of which could possibly corrupt the motivation for an act in the other. An example of this between colleagues could be the staff wants to have training to gain more knowledge, but the manager wants them delivering sales therefore being on the phones so not to loose out on any business. These are two conflicts of interest, i. e. revenue the business makes vs. new learning skills the agents gain. The way to manage this is to ensure both interest of colleagues are satisfied or a compromise is allowed. For example the compromise could be that if the agents receive the learning sessions and are off the phones, that they have a shorter break to ensure the company is still getting money. This would resolve the issue and both parties would be satisfied. Assessing both sides when there are conflicts of interest is important, as it puts into perspective what affects each individual. This should be discussed possibly in a group meeting, and a solution put together to make sure everyone is happy with the final outcome. ) How to take account of diversity issues when developing working relationships with colleagues Diversity in a business means that the company has a diverse work force this can consist of a range of different cultures, men and women, people of many generations, people from ethnically and racially diverse backgrounds. A company that supports the diversity of its workforce can also improve employee satisfaction. Diversity is beneficial to both the business and the employees an d brings potential benefits such as better decision making and improved problem solving due to the different types of staff. Greater creativity and innovation, which leads to enhanced product development, and more successful marketing to different types of customers as each employee would have something different to Diverse businesses will be successful as long as there is a sufficient amount of communication within them, this is because people from different cultures perceive messages in different ways, communication is vital to the performance of the business But if there is miscommunication within a diverse workplace this will lead to a great deal of challenges, as the employees are going to be unclear on their goals/duties. When there is diversity in the business you need to make note that different people will have varied learning styles or preferred ways of management, it is good to take this into thought and find out more about the individual employee. This will ensure training and management is effective. 6) The importance of exchanging information and resources with colleagues It is vital to keep team members informed and up to date with any changes because they need to be aware of new information that may come into the business. When giving feedback it is always good to give a balance of both strengths and areas to improve on, this way it is not a negative occasions but the staff can also feel as if they are being praised for their performance at work, also known as â€Å"the positive/negative sandwich†. When giving feedback you must give the team an area to improve on, this way they can stretch themselves to achieve new targets and overachieve from the previous months. Giving the colleagues feedback allows them to realise their hard work is being noticed; also any negative points can be addressed and put back on track for improvement.

EPA †Policy-making in the Federal System Essay

The federal government enacted the Clean Air Act, so as to protect the citizens of the United States. At the same time Congress created the Environmental Protection Agency with its primary role of regulating and the enforcement of environmental policies at the state and tribal levels. A brief history on air pollution, in October 1928 in the industrial town of Donora Pennsylvania a thick cloud formed. This thick cloud lingered for five days, causing sickness in 6,000 and killing 20 of the town’s people. And in 1952, over 3,000 people died in London to what is known as the â€Å"Killer Fog†. These events alerted the federal government to the dangers that can come from air pollution and the public health issues that can arise from pollutants in the air. The original Clean Air Act of 1963 was passed, establishing funding for the study and cleaning of air pollution. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established and began operating on December 2, 1970. The EPA’s primary responsibility is enforcing and regulating the laws, these regulations and laws are for protecting the environment and public health. The EPA is a regulatory agency that Congress has authorizes to write regulation that explains the critical details that are necessary to implement environmental laws. (epa.gov/laws-regulation) The Clean Air Act – 42 U.S.C.  §7401 et seq. (1970), regulated air emissions from stationary and mobile sources. With the approval of this Act the EPA was able to establish the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) which regulates emissions of hazardous air pollutants that can harm public health. The Energy Policy Act – 42 USC  §13201 et seq. (2005) addressing energy  production in the United States, such as Energy efficiency; Renewable energy; Oil and gas; Coal; Nuclear matters; Vehicles and motor fuels. This Act provides loan guarantees for entities that develop or use inventive was that avoid producing greenhouse gases. Another provision of the Act increases the amount of biofuel that must be mixed with gasoline sold in the United States. (epa.gov/laws-regulation) America’s federal environmental laws set national standards, and on the condition that a state can shoulder the crucial task by enforcing these standards, they do by adopting laws that are as severe as the federal laws. Many states have assumed these responsibilities of enforcing the national standards by giving responsibility of specific programs throughout agencies within the state. The federal government is the overseer that enforces all cases and supervises the states’ activities while also monitoring state and the tribal operations of the Environmental Protection Agency programs. The Environmental Protection Agency supports the states and tribes to achieve effective enforcement and environmental compliance, and maintains support approved state programs through grant funds, and involvement. The Environmental Protection Agencies and state agencies make active efforts to educate the regulated community. A numerous compliance assistance tools have been put in place to help business, industry and state governments to conform to the environmental requirements. Web sites have been developed; hotlines, workshops, compliance training, fact sheets, and additional compliance guidelines are given to the regulated community. The Clean School Bus Program unites businesses, education, transportation, and public health organizations to encourage actions to stop the unnecessary idling of public schools busses. Modifying old schools busses with better emissions control technologies and proving cleaner fuels. The EPA is publishing a proposed rule designed to reduce air pollution, in 2017 the Tier 3 design would set new standards for vehicle emissions criteria and lessen the sulfur found in gasoline. This new rule would reduce tailpipe and evaporative emissions. The lower sulfur gasoline will improve  fuel economy by reducing gas consumption as well as reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Environmental Protection Agency seeks to provide a healthy environment. By partnership-building with states and communities the reduction of environmental pollutants becomes a joint venture. References: Retrieved from: http://www2.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-energy-policy-act Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/documents/tier3/420f13016a.pdf Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/peg/understand.html

Ballistics (Forensic Science)

Ballistics is one of the essential components of forensic science. Researchers and scholars in ballistics actively work to improve the quality of ballistics research methods and to enhance the effectiveness of all forensic procedures. It should be noted, that ballistics was not always widely recognized as a scientific method of firearms identification. For many years, courts and law enforcement professionals viewed ballistics as unnecessary and unimportant in the investigation of the major criminal cases.Now, with the advent of the new technological age, ballistics has not only turned into the critical element of success in forensics, but is actively aligned with advanced technologies to speed up the process of identification of firearms. Ballistics (Forensic Science) Introduction Ballistics is one of the essential components of forensic science. Researchers and scholars in ballistics actively work to improve the quality of ballistics research methods and to enhance the effectiveness of all forensic procedures.It should be noted, that ballistics was not always widely recognized as a scientific method of firearms identification. For many years, courts and law enforcement professionals viewed ballistics as unnecessary and unimportant in the investigation of the major criminal cases. Now, with the advent of the new technological age, ballistics has not only turned into the critical element of success in forensics, but is actively aligned with advanced technologies to speed up the process of identification of firearms.Ballistics: definition and history To begin with, â€Å"ballistics, in the most general sense, is the study of firearms – ‘guns’ in the vernacular. As a term of art, ballistics technically refers to the study of a bullet’s path from the firearm, through the air, and into a target† (Carlucci & Jacobson, 2007). From the viewpoint of forensics, ballistics comes up to represent a system of principles and calculations used to match recovered bullets (or their casings) to the firearms which were used to fire them.To a large extent, the study of ballistics is based on the whole set of physical laws, starting with the law of ideal gas and up to the principles of explosion and pressure within the firearms. Currently, ballistics is used to resolve the major firearms complexities, which law enforcement professionals face in the process of investigating a crime. A professional in practical ballistics works to restore the picture of the crime using firearms, bullets, casings, or their residues, and to match them to the marks that had been left on the crime scene.Despite the seriousness of the firearms identification process and the role which ballistics may play for the effectiveness of other forensic procedures, it was not before the beginning of the 1950s that the term â€Å"ballistics† became a widely recognized description of firearms studies (Warlow, 2004). The history of ballistics dates back to the times, when firearms were made manually and individually and each bullet was unique. Gunsmiths were the ones to produce flintlocks and matchlocks, and each firearm bore the sign of its creator.Early firearms could be readily compared to the works of art, for even â€Å"the screws that held together early firearms were handmade and often specific in width and pitch of the threads† (Carlucci & Jacobson, 2007). In conditions where firearms could be distinguished from one another without a difficulty and where every gun bore a unique sign of its creator, matching bullets to firearms was not a difficult task. As a result, early forensic scientists did not really need the knowledge of ballistics in its current form.Matching bullets to their molds was an easy-to-accomplish procedure and did not require any specialized skills or calculations. At the beginning of the 19th century, however, bullets and firearms have turned into the products of mass production, and the form of the bullet was standardized (Carlucci & Jacobson, 2007). Although the amount of firearms models was rather limited and a criminal investigator could easily name the firearm from which specific bullets came, it was no longer possible to distinguish between different variations of firearms that had been produced by one manufacturer (Carlucci & Jacobson, 2007).That is why forensic professionals have become increasingly interested in studying specific features of bullets and firearms that might have been concealed from the naked eye. Phillip Gavelle was one of the first to use microscopes to investigate the features of bullets and compare them to the details and characteristics of the crime scene (Warlow, 2004). With time, experts have also come to realize the role which firing pin and breech marks could play for the identification of firearms (Carlucci & Jacobson, 2007).Unfortunately, the term â€Å"ballistics† and the importance of firearms investigation did not attract public atte ntion, and only after the Sacco and Vanzetti case, as well as the publication of the three firearms identification treatises, the court has officially recognized ballistics as a forensic science, giving law enforcement professionals a chance to improve the quality of all forensic procedures and to develop a new system of forensic methodology with regard to firearms (Warlow, 2004).Ballistics in its modern form: internal, external, and terminal Certainly, with the scientific contribution which Goddard made to the development of ballistics, we would hardly be aware of how effective firearms identification could be for resolving the most complicated criminal cases. Now, as guns and firearms are mass-produced, and thousands and millions of individuals are given the legal right to carry concealed arms, ballistics gradually turns into the central component in the system of law enforcement principles used to reduce and prevent crime threats.In its current form, ballistics is usually divided into the three distinct areas: internal, external, and terminal ballistics. This division is necessary to make the study of separate ballistics aspects more effective, and to provide forensic scientists with sufficient analytical instruments. Moreover, this division is based on the path, which a bullet usually passes down the barrel, through the air, and finally, through a target. Internal ballistics (or initial ballistics) is concentrated around the path, which a bullet passes within the gun (Carlucci & Jacobson, 2007).Although measuring and describing the path of the bullet within the gun is very difficult and almost impossible, forensic scientists use velocity (or muzzle velocity) as the central forensic criterion in the study of internal bullet behaviors. Internal ballistics â€Å"concerns what happens within a time span of in the region of 2 ms between the impact of the firing pin or striker and the exit of the bullet or shot charge from the muzzle end of the barrel† (W arlow, 2004).Energy transfer, pressures and powders, combustion residues, as well as recoil in the weapon are the elements forensic professionals need to know, in order to relate the processes within the gun to the results they have produced on the crime scene. As soon as the bullet leaves the barrel, it becomes an object of external ballistics study. The latter is concerned with the pathway the bullet passes after leaving the barrel and involves the study of missile trajectory, and the impact which air gravity and resistance might have caused on it (Carlucci & Jacobson, 2007).In terms of smooth-bored guns, forensic scientists are usually concerned about the changes that might have occurred in the spread of the shot charge (Warlow, 2004). Crosswinds and the way they change missile trajectory are just another subjects of forensic research in external ballistics. External ballistics usually seeks to determine the scope of influences other materials could produce on the bullet. For exa mple, and Warlow (2004) emphasizes this fact, unburned propellant particles will tend to significantly affect the bullet at close range.Bullet stability, flight, sectional density and shape, and even aerodynamic stabilization form the numerical basis of external ballistics and turn it into a distinctively mathematical field, well-known for its complex algebraic and geometric calculations. The study of the bullet path would be incomplete without researching the processes and changes the bullet undergoes after hitting a target. Upon striking a target, the bullet either deforms or disintegrates, simultaneously damaging or destroying the target (Carlucci & Jacobson, 2007).These elements are the objects of terminal ballistics research. Terminal ballistics professionals work to link the character of the target destruction to the missile trajectory, its velocity, specific characteristics, design, and the features of the target itself. Given that the majority of targets which terminal balli stics investigates are humans, and taking into account the complex structure of the human body, terminal ballistics is probably the most complicated and the most responsible area of forensic firearms science.Researchers suggest that the bullet’s behaviors after hitting the human target are too unexpected and too unpredictable (Carlucci & Jacobson, 2007; Warlow, 2004). Forensic scientists are not always able to establish the link between the pathway the bullet has passed and the injuries found in a victim’s body. That is why terminal ballistics is a complex study of ricochet, impact, penetration, and kinetic forces that are considered responsible for the major motional shifts the bullet undergoes after hitting a target.Forensic ballistics: the new technological stage With the number of physical laws ballistics uses to match the bullets to firearms and to investigate the pathway the bullet passes from the barrel through a target, it is natural that ballistics professiona ls are involved into complex computation processes. However, with the advent of the new technological age forensic scientists have been offered an opportunity to use computer and software technologies for calculation purposes.Now, ballistics software models are extremely sophisticated in contents, but extremely easy in use. IT professionals were able to simplify and integrate the complicated systems of motion, dynamics, gravity and location, as well as hundreds of other physical concepts and principles into a universal system of calculation, which specialists in ballistics use to compute and describe the missile trajectory and bullet flight performance.Unfortunately, there is a whole set of problems to resolve before ballistics software turns into a reliable tool of forensic knowledge. For example, external ballistics technology is concerned with the way equations of motion can be simplified to improve the quality of six-degrees-of-freedom equations and to speed up the process of th eir solution (Belzer, Holzman & Kent, 2006). â€Å"There are also problems with fluid mechanics. These may include matters of universal interest, such as similarity principles, e. g. for transonic flow† (Belzer, Holzman & Kent, 2006).In terminal ballistics, chemistry is the major obstacle IT designers and developers face on their way to creating an effective system of ballistics computation; fluid mechanics also makes it difficult to design complex equations that would take into account the principles of heat conduction, viscosity, chemical reactions, and temperature dependencies (Belzer, Holzman & Kent, 2006).Nevertheless, it is with the emergence of new technologies that ballistics has been given a second breathe and it is in the current technological age that ballistics is likely to become a rapidly evolving area of forensic science and law enforcement, with the emphasis made on the speed and quality of ballistics solutions. Conclusion For many years, ballistics remained a n area of knowledge mostly neglected by forensic professionals.However, as firearms have been gradually turning into the objects of mass production, it was becoming more and more difficult to match bullets to the firearms from which they came. As a result, ballistics has come to represent a complex system of investigation principles aimed at researching the bullet behavior on its way from the barrel and through a target, as well as matching bullets to specific firearms and the marks they have left on the crime scene.Now, under the impact of technological progress, ballistics has been successfully aligned with the complex computation models, and although there is still much to resolve before ballistics becomes a purely technological field, it is obvious that ballistics will remain one of the most rapidly evolving areas of forensic science, with the emphasis made on the speed and quality of ballistics solutions.References Belzer, J. , Holzman, A. G. & Kent, A. (2006). Encyclopedia of science and technology. CRC Press. Carlucci, D. E. & Jacobson, S. (2007). Ballistics: Theory and design of guns and ammunition. CRC Press. Warlow, T. A. (2004). Firearms, the law, and forensic ballistics. CRC Press.